REGULASI TRANSKRIPSI DAN PASCA TRANSKRIPSI PADA EKSPRESI GEN

TRANSCRIPTIONAL AND POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION

Abstract

Transcription and post-transcription regulation is a fundamental process in
controlling gene expression that allows cells to adapt to environmental changes
while maintaining homeostasis. Disruption of this regulation can lead to various
genetic diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of
this article is to examine the mechanisms of transcriptional and post
transcriptional regulation, and their implications in molecular biology and
biomedicine. The article uses a literature review approach, by collecting data from
PubMed, ScienceDirect, and NCBI databases. Analyses were conducted to identify
key elements, such as promoters, enhancers, silencers, RNA polymerase II, as well
as transcription stages, including initiation, elongation, and termination, to post
transcriptional mechanisms such as capping, tailing, and splicing. The review
shows that transcription regulation starts from the formation of a preinitiation
complex involving transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. During
elongation, RNA synthesis is carried out with a high degree of processivity. At the
post-transcription stage, modifications such as the addition of 7-methylguanosine
at the 5‘end and polyadenylation at the 3’ end increase the stability of the mRNA.
In addition, splicing mechanisms allow the formation of different proteins from a
single gene. This regulation ensures that gene expression occurs at the right time,
location and amount as required by the cell. At the post-transcription stage,
modifications such as the addition of 7-methylguanosine at the 5‘end and
polyadenylation at the 3’ end increase the stability of the mRNA. Splicing
mechanisms allow the formation of different proteins from a single gene. This
regulation ensures that gene expression occurs at the right time, location, and
amount according to the needs of the cell.