The Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Kidney Stone Formation

Faktor Risiko dan Mekanisme Pembentukan Batu Ginjal

Abstract

Kidney stone disease (KSD), also known as urolithiasis or
nephrolithiasis, is a prevalent urinary tract disorder with rising global
incidence, affecting approximately 10–15 % of adults worldwide and
imposing substantial healthcare burdens. The primary mechanism of
stone formation is urine supersaturation and crystallization, which is
influenced by urine pH and excess concentration of stone-forming
substances such as calcium oxalate (70–80 % of cases), calcium phosphate,
and uric acid. Dehydration is a common risk factor that causes these
substances to concentrate and form crystals that then coalesce into kidney
stones. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence on modifiable
risk factors and pathogenesis, emphasizing preventive strategies capable
of reducing recurrence by up to 50%.